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991.
AbstractThe quantification of the sediment carrying capacity of a river is a difficult task that has received much attention. For sand-bed rivers especially, several sediment transport functions have appeared in the literature based on various concepts and approaches; however, since they present a significant discrepancy in their results, none of them has become universally accepted. This paper employs three machine learning techniques, namely artificial neural networks, symbolic regression based on genetic programming and an adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system, for the derivation of sediment transport formulae for sand-bed rivers from field and laboratory flume data. For the determination of the input parameters, some of the most prominent fundamental approaches that govern the phenomenon, such as shear stress, stream power and unit stream power, are utilized and a comparison of their efficacy is provided. The results obtained from the machine learning techniques are superior to those of the commonly-used sediment transport formulae and it is shown that each of the input combinations tested has its own merit, as they produce similarly good results with respect to the data-driven technique employed.
Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz 相似文献
992.
Decreasing trend of sediment transfer function of the Upper Yellow River,China, in response to human activity and climate change 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Xu Jiongxin 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(2):311-325
AbstractAn index (Fs) for sediment transfer function is introduced, based on the sediment budget at the channel scale. The purpose of this study is two-fold: to gain a deeper insight into how Fs is influenced by natural and human factors, and to provide some new knowledge for decision making in the management of the Upper Yellow River, China. Since 1960, the Fs of the Lanzhou to Toudaoguai reach of the Upper Yellow River shows a decreasing trend. At the drainage basin level, the decreased Fs can be explained by changes in precipitation and air temperature, as well as by a number of variables describing human activity, such as reservoir regulation, water diversion, and soil and water conservation. The higher temperature reduces the transfer function, while the larger runoff coefficient increases it. At the channel level, the decreased Fs can be explained by a number of variables of flow and sediment input. Three countermeasures for restoration of the Fs are suggested.
Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz 相似文献
993.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):135-146
Abstract Based on data from river gauging stations, the multi-year variations in suspended sediment flux (SSF) from China's nine major rivers to the sea were examined. The decadal SSF decreased by 70.2%: from 1.81 Gt/year for 1954–1963 to 0.54 Gt/year for 1996–2005. The decrease in SSF was more dramatic in the arid northern region than in the wet southern region; from north to south, the SSF decreased by 84% in the Yellow River, 42% in the Yangtze River, and 22% in the Pearl River. Dam construction was the principal cause for the decrease in SSF. At present, approximately 2 Gt/year of sediment is trapped in the reservoirs within the nine river basins. Reduced precipitation and increased water extraction and sand mining have also played a role in the decrease in SSF. Although water and sediment conservation programmes have not counteracted the influence of deforestation, they have enhanced the decrease in SSF in recent years. It is concluded that human activity has become a governing factor on riverine sediment delivery to the sea in China. 相似文献
994.
Abstract This paper investigates for a 25-year period the sediment distribution in a semi-arid Brazilian basin (2 × 104 km2) with a network containing more than 4000 surface reservoirs. The methodology is based on rating curves and fitted parameters derived from field data. The results showed that suspended load corresponded to 70% of the total sediment yield (148 t km-2 year-1). The relatively low contribution of the suspended load (compared with other semi-arid regions) was attributed to the impact of the numerous upstream reservoirs, which retained 235 t km-2 year-1. The micro (<1 hm3), small (1–10 hm3), medium-sized (10–50 hm3), and large or strategic (>50 hm3) reservoirs responded to, respectively, 5, 17, 30 and 48% of the total sediment retention by the reservoir network. This indicates that retention in the non-strategic reservoirs has a positive impact on water availability, since siltation of the strategic reservoirs would be expected to more than double if only such reservoirs existed. Citation Lima Neto, I. E., Wiegand, M. C. &; de Araújo, J. C. (2011) Sediment redistribution due to a dense reservoir network in a large semi-arid Brazilian basin. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(2), 319–333. 相似文献
995.
Abstract The whole of a basin responds to a precipitate on event. The resulting flood wave introduces a complex pattern of interrelated processes which occur in the vegetation, soil, bedrock, human facilities, channel and in the different parts of the basin. The main advantage of field experiments is that it becomes possible to exclude several governing factors or sources and to control others by the experimental design. In a small brook near Trier (Germany), artificial flood events are created. In-channel transport processes of sediment are investigated without taking into account the interference of soil erosion and runoff. It is demonstrated that kinematic waves-describing the translation of flow with limited hydraulic dispersion or diffusion-also occur in small basins. The kinematic waves-travelling only a few hundred meters-have a large impact on the relationship between the hydrograph and dissolved or particle-bound substances. Consequently, classifications and simple mixing models between those components are impeded. 相似文献
996.
Samia Khadhar Ammar Mlayah Anis Chekirben Abdelkrim Charef Malika Methammam Shabou Nouha 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(8):1803-1812
RésuméL’Oued El Bey, qui draine 60% de la charge polluante hydrique de plusieurs agglomérations urbaines du Nord-Est de la Tunisie, est un exemple représentatif du transfert des métaux lourds résultant de l’activité industrielle et urbaine. Il fournit une indication sur le devenir et la répartition des métaux lourds dans le Golfe de Tunis. Dans la fraction dissoute, Cd, Pb, Co et Hg ne sont pas détectés mais Zn varie entre 0,01 et 0,07 μg/L. Les concentrations du Mn, Zn, As, Ni, Pb, Cu et du Cd sont très élevées dans la fraction particulaire par rapport à la fraction dissoute, avec un coefficient de partage Kd de l’ordre de 106, ainsi que dans les sédiments du lit de l’oued pour Pb et Zn. La pollution par les métaux la plus élevé de l’Oued El Bey a été trouvée pour Zn, Pb et Cu: les concentrations variaient respectivement entre 1698,9 et 14575, de 0 à 2153,7 et de 0 à 3431,8 μg/g. La variation spatiale des teneurs en métaux lourds confirme l’effet des eaux usées rejetées dans l’Oued El Bey. Les teneurs de ces métaux lourds dans les trois phases dissoute, particulaire (MES) et sédiments confirment que la MES constitue le vecteur de transport principal via la Sebkha Soliman vers le golfe. L’examen des rapports des différents éléments (Pb, Cu et Cd) par rapport au Zn dans les sédiments de l’oued montre une augmentation au niveau de la confluence de l’Oued El Bey et de son affluent l’Oued El Meleh, ce qui signifie que les apports sédimentaires de cet affluent contrôlent la signatutue chimique des sédiments de l’Oued El Bey.Editeur Z.W. Kundzewicz; Editeur associé B. TouaibiaCitation Khadhar, S., Mlayah, A., Chekirben, A., Charef, A., Methammam, M., Nouha, S., et Khemais, Z., 2013. Bassin versant Oued El Bey: vecteur de transport de la pollution métallique vers le Golfe de Tunis (Tunisie). Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (8), 1803–1812. 相似文献
997.
AbstractMathematical models developed for quantification of sediment transport in hydrological watersheds require data collected through field or laboratory experiments, but these are still very rare in the literature. This study aims to collect such data at the laboratory scale. To this end, a rainfall simulator equipped with nozzles to spray rainfall was constructed, together with an erosion flume that can be given longitudinal and lateral slopes. Eighty experiments were performed, considering microtopographical features by pre-forming a rill on the soil surface before the start of each experiment. Medium and fine sands were used as soil, and four rainfall intensities (45, 65, 85 and 105 mm h-1) were applied in the experiments. Rainfall characteristics such as uniformity, granulometry, drop velocity and kinetic energy were evaluated; flow and sediment discharge data were collected and analysed. The analysis shows that the sediment transport rate is directly proportional to rainfall intensity and slope. In contrast, the volumetric sediment concentration stays constant and does not change with rainfall intensity unless the slope changes. These conclusions are restricted to the conditions of experiments performed under rainfall intensities between and 105 mm h-1 for medium and fine sands in a 136-cm-wide, 650-cm-long and 17-cm-deep erosion flume with longitudinal and lateral slopes varying between 5 and 20%.Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor G. MahéCitation Aksoy, H., Unal, N.E., Cokgor, S., Gedikli, A., Yoon, J., Koca, K., Inci, S.B., Eris, E., and Pak, G., 2013. Laboratory experiments of sediment transport from bare soil with a rill. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (7), 1505–1518. 相似文献
998.
The opening of the Bonnet Carré spillway to prevent flood threat to New Orleans in April 2008 created a sediment plume in the Lake Pontchartrain. The nutrient rich plume triggered a massive algal bloom in the lake. In this article, we have quantified the spatio-temporal distribution of the plume (suspended solids) and the bloom (chlorophyll-a (chl-a)) in the lake using remotely-sensed data. We processed the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data for mapping the total suspended solids (TSS) and chl-a concentrations. An existing algorithm was used for estimating TSS whereas a novel slope model was developed to predict the per-pixel chl-a concentration. Both algorithms were successful in capturing the spatio-temporal trend of TSS and chl-a concentrations, respectively. Algal growth was found to be inversely related to TSS concentrations and a time lag of ～45 days existed between the spillway opening and the appearance of the first algal bloom at an observation location. 相似文献
999.
在波浪水槽实验的基础上,对海啸波作用下的床沙组成变化规律开展研究。实验采用1/10~1/20的组合坡度,选取N波作为入射波。实验对波高进行采集,对波浪的上爬、回落和水跃过程进行拍摄记录,对每个波作用后的地形进行测量,并对初始和最终的床面顶层泥沙进行采样筛分。实验结果表明,N波作用下泥沙在离岸区水跃发生区域堆积,淤积沙坝泥沙粒径呈粗化趋势。同时采用规则波和非规则波进行对比,波浪作用后形成岸滩也为沙坝剖面,淤积沙坝泥沙粒径呈细化趋势,结果均遵循Çelikoğlu提出的泥沙运动的基本规律,细颗粒泥沙会在强烈的紊动作用下从床面中被筛选出来,并被搬运到低紊动地区,此过程造成了剧烈紊动区泥沙的粗化。 相似文献
1000.
河口沉积物孔隙水营养盐分布特征及扩散通量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过2010年夏季在李村河口潮滩区3个站位的采样分析,研究了孔隙水营养盐的分布特征,并利用Fick第一定律估算了沉积物-水界面间营养盐的扩散通量。结果表明,孔隙水营养盐在不同站位间质量浓度不同,呈现出自河口上游向下游逐渐降低的分布趋势。NH4+-N质量浓度为26.21~53.10 mg/L,是孔隙水中营养盐的主要组分。沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在还原状态下进行,营养盐质量浓度在垂向上的变化受有机质含量及沉积物氧化还原环境改变的综合影响。除NO3--N外其他营养盐均由沉积物向上覆水体扩散,沉积物是底层水体营养盐的重要来源。 相似文献